fallacies

1. circular argument: " A viciously circular argument is one with a conclusion based ultimately upon that conclusion itself, and such arguments can never advance our knowledge."
2. slippery slope: A) non cuasa pro causa "If A happens, then by a gradual series of small steps through B, C,…, X, Y, eventually Z will happen, too. Z should not happen. Therefore, A should not happen, either."
B) vagueness "A differs from Z by a continuum of insignificant changes, and there is no non-arbitrary place at which a sharp line between the two can be drawn. Therefore, there is really no difference between A and Z."
"A differs from Z by a continuum of insignificant changes with no non-arbitrary line between the two.
Therefore, A doesn't exist."
3. either/or: simple contructive dilemna "Either p or q. If p then r. If q then r. Therefore, r."
disjunctive syllogism "Either p or q. Not-p. Therefore, q."
4. Post Hoc: non causa pro causa "event C happened immediately prior to event E. Therefore, C caused E."
"Events of type C happen immediately prior to events of type E. Therefore, events of type C cause events of type E."
5. anecdotal fallacy: personal experience/ story to prove a point
6. gamblers fallacy: "A fair gambling device has produced a "run". Therefore, on the next trial of the device, it is less likely than chance to continue the run."
ex "You have flipped a fair coin and gotten a run of seven "heads" in a row.
Therefore, the chance of "tails" on the next flip is better than half."
7. hasty gernalization: "This is the fallacy of generalizing about a population based upon a sample which is too small to be representative. If the population is heterogeneous, then the sample needs to be large enough to represent the population's variability. With a completely homogeneous population, a sample of one is sufficiently large, so it is impossible to put an absolute lower limit on sample size. Rather, sample size depends directly upon the variability of the population: the more heterogeneous a population, the larger the sample required. For instance, people tend to be quite variable in their political opinions, so that public opinion polls need fairly large samples to be accurate."
8. ad hominem: "A debater commits the Ad Hominem Fallacy when he introduces irrelevant personal premisses about his opponent. Such red herrings may successfully distract the opponent or the audience from the topic of the debate."
9. Straw Man: "In a Straw Man argument, the arguer argues to a conclusion that denies the "straw man" he has set up, but misses the target. So, the fallacy is not simply the argument, but the entire situation of the argument occurring in such a context."
10. Tu Quoque: "Tu Quoque is a very common fallacy in which one attempts to defend oneself or another from criticism by turning the critique back against the accuser. However, as a diversionary tactic, Tu Quoque can be very effective, since the accuser is put on the defensive, and frequently feels compelled to defend against the accusation."

PARAGRAH 1
I decided to go buy a brand new pair of ugg boots since I had read on the Vogue fashion website and talked to the Nordstrom shoe salesmen and they highly recommended the shoe. When I mentioned this to my friend Kelsey, she was aghast at the notion. She told me that her sister had a pair of uggs that only lasted for a month. After a month period of time the shoes leaked and started to fall apart. She thinks uggs are the worst quality shoe brand out there. She had to have toes removed because they got frostbitten when she wore the uggs in the snow and they fell apart. (anecdotal fallacy)

PARAGRAPH 2
There is no way I am going to side with you on this topic. You're saying that we should give less of the tax money to the public schools? How would we fund the schools without taxes? You don't pay for public school because it's required to attend. Without the necessary funding then the school systems would fal and students would not learn and become productive adults. How would we have a functioning society?

PARAGRAPH 3
I might go to school today feeling sick. But, by going to school feeling sick I might fail my calculus test. By failing my calcuclus test I could not get any good grades and then not get into college when I submit my semester grades. By not getting into college I will end up homeless on the street watching all of my successsful friends pass me by. Therefore, I should not go to school today because I am sick.